Tuesday, July 05, 2005

The Nephilim vs The Sons of God

The following blog, like the others I have written here, is a component of a major work in progress...at the present moment I am correlating all of this data to form a single thesis. Your comments and any additional related information are welcome.

Humbly,

Naga Fangzahne


Psalm 109:5-7
They repay me evil for good,
and hatred for my friendship.

Appoint the Evil One to oppose him;
and let Satan stand at his right hand (to accuse him).

When he is tried, let him be found guilty,
and may his prayers condemn him.

Psalm 10:15,18

"Break the arm of the wicked and evil man;...In order that man (632) who is of the earth, may terrify no more."


~Clive Barker in a video introduction to his film Night Breed 1990):
"I have always loved monsters, I think theres a core of all of us that envies their powers, that would love to live forever, or to fly, or to change shape at will...an underground city...peopled with creatures from our darkest fantasies...things that feed on blood, things that avoid the light of day, things repulsive and fascinating, forbidden souls, hiding from their cruelest enemy...man."


Who are the Nephilim?

Who are the Nephilim? Frequently, when I discuss the Nephilim, amongst Christians, Jews, and Muslims, I receive a mixed bag of reactions. Interestingly, Christians I have spoken to seem to trust the fact that the so-called Nephilim did exist. For immediately, in their minds, they interpret these to be the fallen angels. Unfortunately, this interpretation usually maintains the idea that the fallen angels were not flesh and blood beings.

In college, a Muslim roommate, named Ibrahim, went so far as to tell me that he has witnessed in museums "back home", the weapons and armor of "giant men", seemingly too large for any man to have weilded. Since this time, I have been able to see (via pictures only) evidence of this forbidden archaeology--remnants of a lost tribe of people, the giants or Nephilim. To be certain, surely many of these images are hoaxes, but, all in all, they serve a purpose, to reawaken our consciousness to that which does not conform to our present point of view. To invoke our memory to recall something which once was a reality, now merely a dream. It is for this reason, I feel, that all such media, whether hoax or real, serves a higher function, that of unveiling the mystery of iniquity surrounding the extinction of an entire species of beings from the face of the earth...at the hands of mankind.

The apt student of history will discover a long chain of Giant hoaxes, going all the way back to the 18th century where we find Commodore Byron's tales of Patagonian Giants, or the amazing popularity of giants, such as the Cardiff Giant, in the 19th century. (via Liquito and Apothecary's Drawer). And no, I am not a fan of the Giants...White Sox.

One of my favorite Giant hoaxes is recent and quite impressive. In the doctored photograph below, we see two archaeologists carefully digging up a 50-ft human skeleton! The original photo, according to one source,

"was taken on 16 September 2000 at an excavation site outside Hyde Park, New York. It is part of the documentation of a sensational excavation under the Paleontological Research Institution and the Department of Geological Sciences at Cornell University. What the team of more than 60 scientists, students and volunteers under paleontologist Prof. John Chiment discovered was, however, not the skeleton of a giant human being, but the skeleton of a mastodon, an extinct predecessor of the elephant."

Image hosted by Photobucket.com

[You can read the full article here]

The Hebrew word Nephilim comes from napal, which means "to fall", which is often associated with violence.(a) It first appears in the Bible in Genesis 6:4. Due to the more widely distributed translation of the King James version of the Bible, many are unfamiliar with the word, but may be acquainted with its translation as "giants". This misunderstanding stems from the fact that the KJV was translated from a much older source text, the LXX, which equated the Hebrew word Nephilim with the Greek gigas, or "giant". Indeed, they possessed inside information concerning the Nephilim, for in their eyes, these were much like their Titans (a Greek word etymologically derived from the Hebrew Satan)

Many modern translations, have opted not to tamper with the word, and leave it in its natural form-Nephilim.

Genesis speaks of the Nephilim in such a passing fashion, one is led to believe that we should know who these beings are. Obviously they are of consequence, for here they are mentioned in the first book of Moses! So who were they? Here is our first impression of them:

"The Nephilim were on the earth in those days—and also afterward—when the sons of God went to the daughters of men and had children by them. They were the heroes of old, men of renown." >~ Genesis 6:4

This passage is often theorized as suggesting that the Nephilim/"giants" were the offspring of the sons of God, equating them with mythological demi-gods. But, in my view, this theory does not carry much validity, for the passage does not imply in anyway that the Nephilim were descended from the sons of God [Heb. "bena ha Elohim"]. In fact, it suggests that they are two groups--what is not yet suggested however is the fact that these two groups are merely separate factions of the same empire. I have placed the factions in two frames of reference here:

Uncertain Time Frame One (Distant Past):When men began to increase in number on the earth.

1. Sons of God : married the daughters of men...and had children by them. It seems that this group already had dominion over the earth. Perhaps, for thousands of years.

Uncertain Time Frame Two (Distant Past):"in those days--and also afterward--"

2. Nephilim: descended (or fell) upon the earth from heaven...."in those days--and also afterward...". It appears, that this group was new on the scene, appearing suddenly and bent on invasion and conquest.

Although it is too early to support these claims, evidence will soon be presented as we move on.


A Kingdom Divided

Luke 11:18
"If Satan also be divided against himself, how shall his kingdom stand?"

Luke 11:17
"But he, knowing their thoughts, said unto them, Every kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation; and a house divided against a house falleth."

Mark 13:8
"For nation shall rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom: and there shall be earthquakes in divers places, and there shall be famines and troubles: these are the beginnings of sorrows."

Luke 9:27
"For whosoever shall be ashamed of me and of my words, of him shall the Son of man be ashamed, when he shall come in his own glory, and in his Father's, and of the holy angels. But I tell you of a truth, there be some standing here, which shall not taste of death, till they see the kingdom of God."

The author of Genesis 6:4 is clearly speaking of two separate groups, and placing them together in antithesis, while depicting them as being on the earth alongside humans. Earlier, I mentioned that these two groups were actually factions of the same empire. I initially derived this conclusion from the following source materials:

1. The parable of the Prodigal Son
2. Jude 1:8-10 slanderers of celestial beings, unreasoning animals
3. Psalm 109:5-7
4. Psalm 10:15-18
5. 2 Thessalonians 2:3 "Sons of perdition"
6. Revelation 17:11 The eighth beast of perdition
7. Zecharia Sitchin's works The Earth Chronicles

I will return to these later. But for now, I want to apply closer scutiny to Genesis 6:4.

Notice, the Nephilim were on the Earth in the days of the sons of God, and also afterward. But it is alluded to here that the Elohim were here first. What became of the sons of God /Elohim and their offspring? Whatever the case, it seems that the Nephilim gained the upperhand and became renown as heroes, or saviors of mankind. We shall soon unveil this mystery.

War in Heaven

Another theory concerning this passage suggests that the Nephilim are the fallen angels who rebelled against God, hence its root napal. Once again, this theory seems to fall short, yet their is a ring of truth here. The basis of this theory is that the root napal has a moral connotation. When we say, Babylon has fallen! It is not the same as saying an apple falls from a tree. The words are the same yet infer different contexts. In the case of the word napal, unlike its English counterpart, no moral connotation can be derived from the word. So, the word Nephilim implies that this particular group fell to the earth with violence, not because of any sin. For example, when the alleged ufo crashed in Roswell, New Mexico, in 1947, would that mean that they had fallen to the earth because of immorality? Or malfunction? When a U.S. Jet pilot crash lands in foreign territory and is captured, do we say that his fall was do to his sinful nature? No, either he was shot out of the sky or some technical error occurred. Cause and effect. Why do we suspend our logic when reading the Bible? I call this lack of reason--being under a God-spell.

No doubt in my own mind, the sons of God, did not approve of these visitors, friendly or not, and there coming was met with violent resistance, enmity, and war in heaven as these two great adversaries collided.

Jesus alluded to this saying:

Matthew 24:37
"But as the days of Noah were, so shall also the coming of the Son of man be."

And also he recalls how,






The fact that the Nephilim were considered "heroes" and "men of renown" seems to suggest, at least in my heart, that the oppressed humans played their own role in their liberation from the sons of the Elohim...this of course was a great rebellion indeed!

Psalm 18:14
"He [the Nephilim] shot [their] arrows and scattered the enemies , great bolts of lightning and routed them."

Perhaps, there is a correlation between Revelation 12:7-9 and Genesis 6:4? Perhaps, they are speaking of the same event? The beginning and the end. This thought occurred to me one night after reading the following passage:


Matthew 24:37
"As it was in the days of Noah, so it will be at the coming of the Son of Man."

So with this in mind, I turned the page to the book of Revelation.

"And there was war in heaven. Michael and his angels fought against the dragon, and the dragon and his angels fought back. But he was not strong enough, and they lost their place in heaven. The great dragon was hurled down—that ancient serpent called the devil, or Satan, who leads the whole world astray. He was hurled to the earth, and his angels with him."


My view is as follows: the author goes out of his way to make a juxtaposition between the sons of God and the Nephilim. The sons of God, "went to the daughters of men and had children by them," which if one reads 1 Corinthians 11:10:

"For this reason the woman ought to have a symbol of authority on her head, because of the [Dragon and his] angels."

It is no stretch of the imagination to conclude that the daughters of men, nor their fathers saw this event as desirable, but rather an atrocity, akin to horrors of abduction and rape.


Whereas, the Nephilim are described as "heroes" and "men of renown". The sons of God were infamous while the Nephilim famous and renowned.

In Revelation, we find that Michael and his angels fight against the Dragon and his angels.

Michael is victorious. The Dragon is defeated.

The latter and his angels "lost their place in heaven" (lost their dominion over the earth) and were "hurled down" to the earth, we also see that they "lead the whole world astray."

The words "hurled down" is the Greek word ballo which has the following meanings:

a. to cast
b. throw
c. to place
d. put
e. bring
f. carry
g. drop

The verb in all its applications retains the idea of impulse.

The impulse to cast lots:


Psalm 22:18
"They divided my garments among themselves and cast lots for my clothing"

Matthew 27:35
"When they had crucified him, they divided up his clothes by casting lots."

Mark 15:24
"And they crucified him. Dividing up his clothes, they cast lots to see what each would get."

Luke 23:20-25
"Wanting to release Jesus, Pilate appealed to them again. But they kept shouting, "Crucify him! Crucify him!"

"For the third time he spoke to them: "Why? What crime has this man committed? I have found in him no grounds for the death penalty. Therefore I will have him punished and then release him."

"But with loud shouts they insistently demanded that he be crucified, and their shouts prevailed. So Pilate decided to grant their demand. He released the man who had been thrown into prison for insurrection and murder, the one they asked for, and surrendered Jesus to their will."

The impulse of a tree to throw off its fruit in a strong wind:


Revelation 6:13
"...and the stars in the sky fell to earth, as late figs drop from a fig tree when shaken by a strong wind."


The impulse to cast oneself down:


Matthew 4:6
"If you are the Son of God," he said, "throw yourself down. For it is written: " 'He will command his angels concerning you, and they will lift you up in their hands, so that you will not strike your foot against a stone."

Luke 4:9
"The devil led him to Jerusalem and had him stand on the highest point of the temple. "If you are the Son of God," he said, "throw yourself down from here."


The impulse to give to, place with or under the care of, as money with brokers:


Matthew 25:14-27: The Parable of the Talents

"...So you knew that I harvest where I have not sown and gather where I have not scattered seed? Well then, you should have put my money on deposit with the bankers, so that when I returned I would have received it back with interest." v.26-27



Once again, if these two passages are referring to the same event, then the identities of the sons of God and the Nephilim has been unveiled, kept hidden within the word of God for ages.

Michael and his angels:
A.k.a.: The Nephilim

Dragon/Ancient Serpent/devil/Satan(adversary) and his angels:
A.k.a.: The bena ha Elohim or sons of God (El)

To recreate this scenario: As the Nephilim were descending to earth, they were met in the skies by the Dragon and the bena ha Elohim! They were overthrown by the Nephilim, and as a result, mankind's oppression had ended or so it seemed. What would follow was a veritable age of enlightenment on Earth for mankind.

[Note: The word rendered "heroes" (NIV) or "mighty men" (KJV) is the Hebrew word Gibbor.]

Here are various names by which the Nephilim were known to the peoples of the Bible:

Gibborim: means mighty ones.

Rephaim: means spirits of the dead.

Anakites:

Emims/Emites:


Zamzummim:

The Rephaim

Job 26:5
"The dead/Rephaim are in deep anguish, those beneath the waters and all that live in them.

Joshua 15:8
Then it ran up the Valley of Ben Hinnom along the southern slope of the Jebusite city (that is, Jerusalem). From there it climbed to the top of the hill west of the Hinnom Valley at the northern end of the Valley of Rephaim.

Joshua 18:16
The boundary went down to the foot of the hill facing the Valley of Ben Hinnom, north of the Valley of Rephaim. It continued down the Hinnom Valley along the southern slope of the Jebusite city and so to En Rogel.

2 Samuel 5:18
Now the Philistines had come and spread out in the Valley of Rephaim;

2 Samuel 5:22
Once more the Philistines came up and spread out in the Valley of Rephaim;

2 Samuel 23:13
During harvest time, three of the thirty chief men came down to David at the cave of Adullam, while a band of Philistines was encamped in the Valley of Rephaim.

1 Chronicles 11:15
Three of the thirty chiefs came down to David to the rock at the cave of Adullam, while a band of Philistines was encamped in the Valley of Rephaim.

1 Chronicles 14:9
Now the Philistines had come and raided the Valley of Rephaim;

Isaiah 17:5
It will be as when a reaper gathers the standing grain and harvests the grain with his arm— as when a man gleans heads of grain in the Valley of Rephaim.

832 7 8 (Ps 88:10; Pr 2:18; 9:18;21:16; Isa 14:9; 26:14,19

Psalm 88:8-11
You have taken from me my closest friends and have made me repulsive to them. I am confined and cannot escape; my eyes are dim with grief. I call to you, O LORD, every day; I spread out my hands to you.

Do you show your wonders to the dead/Rephaim?
Do those who are Rephaim/dead rise up and praise you?
Selah
Is your love declared in the grave (7700/qeber), your faithfulness in Abaddon(Hebrew)/Destruction?
Are your wonders known in the place of darkness (3125/Hosek; See Ex. 14:20; Dt 4:11; 5:23), or your righteous deeds in the land of oblivion (5964/ nesiyyah/ "place forgotten by the Lord")?

Abaddon/Apollyon

In the previous passage we learn that Abaddon is associated with the Rephaim. The writer of Revelation reveals that Abaddon is in fact a proper name designating the Angel of the Abyss!

Revelation 9:1-11

"The fifth angel sounded his trumpet, and I saw a star that had fallen from the sky to the earth. "

"The star was given the key to the shaft of the Abyss."

"When he opened the Abyss, smoke rose from it like the smoke from a gigantic furnace. The sun and sky were darkened by the smoke from the Abyss."

"And out of the smoke locusts came down upon the earth and were given power like that of scorpions of the earth."

"They were told not to harm the grass of the earth or any plant or tree, but only those people who did not have the seal of God on their foreheads. They were not given power to kill them, but only to torture them for five months. And the agony they suffered was like that of the sting of a scorpion when it strikes a man."

"During those days men will seek death, but will not find it; they will long to die, but death will elude them."

"The locusts looked like horses prepared for battle. On their heads they wore something like crowns of gold, and their faces resembled human faces. Their hair was like women's hair, and their teeth were like lions' teeth. They had breastplates like breastplates of iron, and the sound of their wings was like the thundering of many horses and chariots rushing into battle. They had tails and stings like scorpions, and in their tails they had power to torment people for five months."

"They had as king over them the angel of the Abyss, whose name in Hebrew is Abaddon, and in Greek, Apollyon."


In verse 11 we discover that Abaddon and Apollyon are names. Both mean Destroyer.

Isaiah 26:14
"They are dead, they shall not live; they are deceased, they shall not rise: therefore hast thou visited and destroyed them, and made all their memory to perish."


Genesis 10:9
He was a mighty hunter (gibbor)before the LORD; that is why it is said, "Like Nimrod, a mighty hunter before the LORD."


Deuteronomy 2:20 - 21.
"That was also regarded as the land of the giants; giants formerly dwelt there, but the Ammonites call them Zamzummin, a people as great and numerous and tall as the Anakim. But the Lord destroyed them before them, and they dispossessed them and dwelt in their place."


Exegesis: Here we learn that the Zamzummim, like the Anakites, were destroyed and dispossessed of their lands and wealth. Furthermore, in Isaiah 26:14, we learn that a mandate was given to make "all their memory to perish". This stirs up memories of Nazi Germany and their diabolical scheme to exterminate all Jews. Holocaust.


Jude 1:6

"But the angels that did not keep their proper domain, but left their abode, He has reserved in everlasting chains under darkness for the judgment of the great day..."

Exegesis: If we consider both Genesis 6 and Revelation 12 as discussing the same event, then the question arises...which group, the Nephilim, or the Ben ha Elohim, does Jude accuse of of not keeping "their proper domain"?

The Ben ha Elohim, i.e. the dragon and his angels?

Or,

The Nephilim, i.e. Michael and his angels?

Psalm 69:26-28

Psalm 10:13-18

{{{{{{ Continued: Psalm 109(top). The sons of Adam are under the oppressive rule of the Ben ha Elohim. The Nephilim, descend to earth and secretly conspire with mankind (Eve) to rebel against the Elohim (a reptillian race) and liberate humanity.

The Nephilim appoint the humans as brokers, and also, charge them with the execution of the remaining ben ha elohim.

Garden: Serpent alliance with woman
Babel: Serpent alliance with woman; Nephilim cause confusion.
Flood: Serpent alliance with woman; Nephilim hide truth and prepare for the ELE. extinction level event.

Raven/Dove: Noah cast lots to decide which gods to trust.




Garden of Eden. Some time later, the serpent, wage




1 Cor. 11:10.
"For this reason the woman ought to have a symbol of authority on her head, because of the angels."



Genesis 6:4
There were giants in the earth in those days; and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare children to them, the same became mighty men which were of old, men of renown.

Numbers 13:33
And there we saw the Nephilim/giants, the sons of Anak, which come of the Nephilim/giants: and we were in our own sight as grasshoppers, and so we were in their sight.

Exegesis: Here is why many translators called the Nephilim "giants".

Deuteronomy 2:11
Which also were accounted Nephilim/giants, as the Anakims; but the Moabites called them Emims.

Exegesis:

Deuteronomy 2:20
(That also was accounted a land of giants: giants dwelt therein in old time; and the Ammonites call them Zamzummims;


Deuteronomy 3:11

For only Og king of Bashan remained of the remnant of giants; behold his bedstead was a bedstead of iron; is it not in Rabbath of the children of Ammon? nine cubits was the length thereof, and four cubits the breadth of it, after the cubit of a man.

Deuteronomy 3:13
And the rest of Gilead, and all Bashan, being the kingdom of Og, gave I unto the half tribe of Manasseh; all the region of Argob, with all Bashan, which was called the land of giants.

Joshua 12:4
And the coast of Og king of Bashan, which was of the remnant of the giants, that dwelt at Ashtaroth and at Edrei,

Joshua 13:12
All the kingdom of Og in Bashan, which reigned in Ashtaroth and in Edrei, who remained of the remnant of the giants: for these did Moses smite, and cast them out.

Joshua 15:8
And the border went up by the valley of the son of Hinnom unto the south side of the Jebusite; the same is Jerusalem: and the border went up to the top of the mountain that lieth before the valley of Hinnom westward, which is at the end of the valley of the giants northward:

Joshua 17:15
And Joshua answered them, If thou be a great people, then get thee up to the wood country, and cut down for thyself there in the land of the Perizzites and of the giants, if mount Ephraim be too narrow for thee.

Joshua 18:16
And the border came down to the end of the mountain that lieth before the valley of the son of Hinnom, and which is in the valley of the giants on the north, and descended to the valley of Hinnom, to the side of Jebusi on the south, and descended to Enrogel,

Deuteronomy 2:10
The Emims dwelt therein in times past, a people great, and many, and tall, as the Anakims;
Deuteronomy 2:9-11 (in Context) Deuteronomy 2 (Whole Chapter)
Deuteronomy 2:21
A people great, and many, and tall, as the Anakims; but the LORD destroyed them before them; and they succeeded them, and dwelt in their stead:
Deuteronomy 2:20-22 (in Context) Deuteronomy 2 (Whole Chapter)
Deuteronomy 9:2
A people great and tall, the children of the Anakims, whom thou knowest, and of whom thou hast heard say, Who can stand before the children of Anak!




(a) Source: NIV Hebrew-Greek Key Study Bible, p.9 Text notes.

Monday, July 04, 2005

The Nephilim: In the Middle East

Sinuhe vs the Giant from Retenu

The conquests of Og's Bashan by Jair and Gilead by Nobah, with the earlier capture of Sihon's territory, gave Israel possession of all Transjordan. They now claimed all the land from the Arnon River in the south, which formed Moab's northern boundary, to the snow-capped Mount Hermon in the north, a distance of one hundred and thirty miles. These early victories were, of course, crucial. They were also remarkable achievements and were celebrated long afterward.188 Unquestionably, they boosted the courage and confidence of the much shorter invading Hebrews. At the same time they must have dismayed and demoralized, at least to some extent, the giant warlike Anakim, Avvim, Rephaim, and their big Amorite cousins beyond the Jordan. (See Canaan's Anakim; David vs Goliath; Israel's Wars with the Giants; Jericho's Giants)


In ancient times people thrilled to Sinuhe's account of his duel with a mighty giant chieftain from Retenu.189 Sinuhe lived during the reign of Amenemhat I, of Egypt's Twelfth Dynasty (c. 2000 B.C.). A "prince and count" under Amenemhat, he fled to Syria when that great king was assassinated. In this new land, Sinuhe eventually rose to a position of power and wealth. Among his many adventures in exile, he relates the following:

"Once on a time there came a strong man from Retenu and challenged me in my tent. He was a combatant without a rival, and he had it [the land Retenu] completely subdued. He said he wished to fight with me; he meant, he intended to rob me. He proposed to make booty of my herds, on the advice of his tribe.... During the night I stretched my bow and put my arrow in place: I sharpened my dagger and polished my weapons. When it became light... the land of Retenu drew up [in battle array]; its tribes had assembled, and its neighboring peoples had joined with them. When they thought of this fight, each heart burned for me. Women and men cried out, and every one was anxious about me. They said: 'Is there indeed any strong one who can fight with him?' Then he took his shield and dagger, and held an armful of spears.... He made for me, and I shot him, so that my arrow stuck fast in his neck. He cried out and fell on his face, and I pinned him down with his dagger. I raised my cry of victory on his back, and all the Asiatics [in his army] cried out. I praised the god Montu [Egyptian war-god], but his people sorrowed for him.... Then I took over his possessions and his flocks--what he had thought to do to me, that did I to him... "190 (See Colbrand the Giant vs Sir Guy of Warwick; David vs Goliath)


Sippai
The giant Sippai, of Gath, who some scholars suppose was one of Goliath's four brothers, stood to such an enormous height and size that all wondered at him. But in Israel's battle against the Philistines at Gob, Sibecai the Hushathite, one of David's mighty men, struck him down. (See David vs Goliath; Ishbi-benob; Lahmi; Six-fingered, Six-toed Giant)
Six-fingered, Six-toed Giant (See Jonathan; David vs Goliath)


Sodom's and Gomorrah's Giants
Both Ecclesiasticus (xvi.8-9) and the Book of Jubilees (xx.5) relate that in the time of Abraham giants lived in Sodom and Gomorrah. (See Abraham and the Giants)


Talmai
From Hebron, the giant Talmai and his huge brothers, Sheshai and Ahiman, ruled the three tribes of the Anakim who were called by their names. A generation after they came out of Egypt the Hebrews defeated them and took possession of all their lands. On a wall of the tomb of Oimenepthah I appears a drawing representing a son of the Anak. He is depicted as tall and light-complexioned. Belzoni, who opened the tomb, read the hieroglyphic inscription as Tanmahu, "or, by elision, 'Talmia,' the name given to one of the tribes of the children of Anak." (See Canaan's Anakim; Israel's Wars with the Giants)


Uzim (See Zamzummim)


Zamzummin
The huge Zamzummim191 ("murmurers" or "stammerers," i.e., speakers of a barbarous tongue), lived east of the river Jordan, in the area later conquered by the descendants of Ammon. Moses described these giants as "a people as great, numerous, and tall as the Anakim." (See Sihon's and Og's Overthrow)


Zuzim (See Zamzummim)



References


1 See The Geography of Strabo, 17.786.
2 Fields of dolmens still may be seen in many parts of northern Jordan. The most notable ones are in the foothills of the Jordan valley to the east of Damiah bridge, in the foothills east of Talailat Ghassul, around Irbid, and in the hill country near Hasban.
3 H. R. Hall, The Ancient History of the Near East (London: Methuen & Co., 1963), pp. 183-184.
4 Also called the Zuzim.
5 Elmer W. K. Mould, Essentials of Bible History (New York: The Ronald Press, 1966), pp. 29-30.
6 Genesis 13:6.
7 Genesis 13:9.
8 Following the Hebrews' conquest of Canaan, Caleb renamed it Hebron.
9 Jude 7 New American Standard Bible.
10 Merrill F. Unger, Biblical Demonology (Wheaton, IL: Van Kampen Press, 1952), p. 50.
11 G. Ch. Aalders, Bible Student's Commentary, Vol. I, Genesis (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1981), p. 283.
12 Deuteronomy 3:13.
13 The time of this first invasion is established from certain scriptures. When Isaac was born, Abraham was one hundred years old and Ishmael thirteen. So Ishmael was born when Abraham was eighty-seven. Chedor-laomer's second raid occurred before Ishmael was even conceived by Hagar, Sarah's maidservant. Genesis 14:5 says his second raid took place fourteen years after the first raid. Thus when Chedorlaomer first con-quered the five cities, Abraham was no more than seventy-three (87-14=73), and still lived in Assyria. When he left for Canaan, he was seventy-five (12:4).
14Elam lay east of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers on Babylonia's southeastern border. The scriptures identify it with Persia, but, remarks Robert Candlish, "it may here denote that part of Persia which was known in ancient history by the name of Elymais." Studies in Genesis (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregal Publications, 1982), p. 210.
15 Marcus Dods, The Expositor's Bible, Vol. I (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdm^ns, 1940), p. 35.
16 See Targum of Palestine on Genesis 14.
17 "The worship of this Syrian goddess was, though under a variety of forms, almost universal in patriarchal times, and her statue in the sanctuaries of all the Rephaite people was that of a cow-headed female, bearing on her head a globe between two horns, as is still seen on Phoenician coins and antique gems. It may be added that the Rephaim wore helmets surmounted by a metallic globe between horns, in honour of their national deity." Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset and David Brown, A Commentary on the Old and New Testaments, Vol. I (Chicago: Moody Press, 1945), p. 137.
18 "The best indications which the limited archaeology of this considerable region has been able to provide do confirm, indeed, that from Ashtaroth to Edom the King's Highway passed through a region that was throughout densely settled during this period with which we are presumably concerned, Middle Bronze Age I, or perhaps the earlier part of Middle Bronze E" Bruce Vawter, On Genesis (New York: Doubleday, 1977), pp. 191-192.
19 Probably modern Kureyat, located ten miles north of Arnon and ten miles east of the Dead Sea.
20 In this campaign, Chedorlaomer journeyed as far south as El-paran, which most scholars identify with the modern archaeological site Ezion Geber, on the Gulf of Aqabah.
21 Genesis 14:8-9 NASB.
22 Because masses of bituminous matter could often be seen floating on it, the Salt Sea in ancient times was also called Asphaltic Lake.
23 Nelson Glueck, Rivers in the Desert (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Cudahy, 1959), pp. 11, 72-73.
24 That Mamre, Eshcol, and Aner accompanied Abraham on this mission can be proved from the Genesis record. For when the grateful king of Sodom urged Abraham to keep the goods he had recovered from Chedorlaomer for himself, as a reward for returning his people, the patriarch replied: "I will accept nothing but what my men have eaten and the share that belongs to the men who went with me--to Aner, Eshcol and Mamre. Let them have their share" (Genesis 14:24).
25 Amos2:l,9 NASB.
26 Cyril Graham, "The Ancient Bashan and the Cities of Og," Cambridge Essays, 1858. Quoted by J. L. Porter in The Giant Cities of Bashan (New York: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1873), pp. 85-86.
27 No reference given.
28 Lee, Giant: The Pictorial History, p. 41.
29 Aalders, Bible Student's Commentary, Vol. I, p. 283.
30 Numbers 10:11-12.
31 But known today as Ain Kadis, i.e., "Holy Spring."
32 Deuteronomy 1:20-22 New International Version.
33 Tan. Shelah, 12.
34 Ibid.
35 Deuteronomy 9:1-2.
36 Jamieson, Fausset and Brown, A Commentary on the Old and New Testaments, Vol. I (Chicago: Moody Press, 1945), p. 546.
37 Numbers 13:22.
38 Samuel Bochart, Geographia Sacra, 1692, p. 362.
39 Joshua 11:21.
40 Joshua 11:22.
41See Wycliffe Bible Encyclopedia, Vol. 1 (Chicago: Moody Press, 1975), p. 64, and The Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. 1 (New York: KTAV Publishing House, 1901), p. 552. Also see Proverbs 1:9 and Song of Solomon 4:9.
42 Such is the interpretation put on Numbers 13:32 by Alfred Edersheim, in Bible History (Wilmington, DE: Associated Publishers and Authors, n.d.), P-153.
43 Wycliffe Bible Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, p. 64.
44 Flavius Josephus, The Antiquities of the Jews, translated by William Whitson (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1987), 5.2.3.
45 Jamieson, Fausset and Brown, Commentary on the Old and New Testaments, Vol. I, p. 547.
46 Num. R. xvi. and Tan., Shelah, 7, ed. Buber, 11.
47 George M. Lamsa, translator of the Arabic Peshitta into English, ex-plains that in the Middle East, "branches of vine are often cut down with grapes on them and carried from place to place. The branch with its fresh leaves helps to preserve the grapes in the hot climate." Old Testament Light (Philadelphia: A. J. Holman Co., 1967), p. 198.
48 Numbers 13:27 NIV.
49 Numbers 13:28, 31-33 NIV.
50 Numbers 13:30 NIV.
51 Deuteronomy 1:29-31 NIV.
52 Werner Keller, The Bible As History (New York: William Morrow and Co., 1956), p. 135.
53 Josephus, Antiquities, 3.14.3.
54 Numbers 14:21-34.
55 Numbers 26:64-65.
56 Lee, Giant: The Pictorial History, pp. 53-54.
57 Goliath's height is given as six cubits and a span. The common cubit is eighteen inches and a span half that amount. According to Unger's Bible Dictionary, "Skeletons recovered in Palestine attest the fact that men as tall as Goliath once lived in that general region" (p. 419).
58 Targum on 1 Samuel 4:11.
59 Romantics like to portray David as a young boy, but this is disproved by the fact that soon after he slew Goliath, Saul made him a commander of his army. Israelites did not enter military service until the age of twenty. See Numbers 1:2-3.
60 1 Samuel 17:26 NIV.
61 "Slings are still in use among shepherds in Palestine, not only to drive off wild animals but to guide their flocks. A stone cast on this side or that, before or behind, drives the sheep or goats as the shepherd wishes. It was the familiar weapon of hunters, and also of light-armed fighting men, especially among the Benjamites, whose skill was famous. A good slinger could hit at 600 paces, and hence at a short distance the force of the blow given must have been very great." Cunningham Geikie, The Holy Land and the Bible, Vol. I (New York: James Pott & Co., 1899), p. 106.
62 1 Samuel 17:43 NIV.
63 1 Samuel 17:45-46 NIV.
64 That David's victory had a religious aspect is borne out by his placing Goliath's sword in the sanctuary at Nob.
65 Josephus, Antiquities, 6.9.5.
66 The word ariels thus seems to designate men who had Nephilim blood in their veins and whose human features still retained some resemblance to the lion.
67 2 Samuel 23:20-23.
68 Josephus, Antiquities, 7.12.1.
69 Ibid., 7.12.2.

Sunday, June 05, 2005

A History of Jewish Persecution

Calendar of Jewish Persecution

70 A.D. Destruction of Jerusalem 1,100,000 Jews were killed and 97,000 taken into slavery and captivity.
115 Rebellion of the Jews in Mesopotania, Egypt, Cyrene and Cyprus. Jews and Romans inflicted many barbaric atrocities on each other, causing the death of several hundreds of thousands of Romans and Jews.
132-35 The Bar Kochba rebellion (Bar Kochba was a false Messiah). Caused the death of 500,000 Jews; thousands were sold into slavery or taken into captivity.
135 Roman Emperor Hadrian commenced his persecution of the Jews. Jerusalem established as a pagan city. Erection of a Jupiter temple on the temple mountain (Moriah) and a temple to Venus on Golgotha. Jews were forbidden to practice circumcision, the reading of the Law, eating of unleavened bread at Passover or any Jewish festival. infringement of this edict brought the death penalty.
315 Constantine the Great established "Christianity" as the State religion throughout the Roman Empire; issued many anti-Jewish laws.
379-95 Theodosius the Great expelled Jews from any official gate position or place of honor. Permitted the destruction of their synagogues if by so doing, it served a religious purpose.
613 Persecution of the Jews in Spain. All Jews who refused to be baptized had to leave the country. A few years later the remaining Jews were dispossessed, declared as slaves and given to pious "Christians" of position. All children 7 years or over were taken from their parents and given to receive a "Christian" education.
1096 Bloody persecutions of the Jews at the beginning of the First Crusade, in Germany. Along the cities on the Rhine River alone, 12,000 Jews were killed. The Jews were branded second only to the Moslems as the enemies of Christendom.
1121 Jews driven out of Flanders (now part of Belgium). They were not to return nor to be tolerated until they repented of the guilt of killing Jesus Christ.
1130 The Jews of London had to pay compensation of 1 million marks for allegedly killing a sick man.
1146-47 Renewed persecution of the Jews in Germany at the beginning of the Second Crusade. The French Monk, Rudolf, called for the destruction of the Jews as an introduction to the Second Crusade. It was only because of the intervention of Emperor Conrad who declared Nuerenberg and a small fortress as places of refuge for the Jews, and that of Abbot Bernard of Clairvaux, that the result was not quite as devastating as at the time of the First Crusade.
1181 French King Philip banished the Jews from his domain. They were permitted to sell all movable possessions, but the immovable such as land and houses reverted to the king. Seven years later he called the Jews back.
1189 At the coronation of Richard the Lionhearted, unexpected persecution of the Jews broke out in England. Most Jewish houses in London were burned, and many Jews killed. All possessions of the Jews were claimed by the Crown. Richard's successor alone, relieved the Jews of more than 8 million marks.
1215 At the IV Lateran Church Council, restrictions against the Jews by the church of Rome were issued.
1290 Edward I banished the Jews from England. 16,000 Jews left the country.
1298 Persecution of the Jews in Franconia, Bavaria and Austria. The Nobleman Kalbfleish alleged that he had received a divine order to destroy all the Jews. 140 Jewish communities were destroyed, and more than 100,000 Jews were mercilessly killed.
1306 King Philip the Fair banished the Jews from France. 100,000 Jews left the country.
1320 In France, 40,000 shepherds dedicated themselves for the Shepherd Crusade to free Palestine from the Moslems. Under the influence of criminals and land speculators, they destroyed 120 Jewish communities.
1321 Jews were accused of having incited outlaws to poison wells and fountains in the district of Guienne, France. 5,000 Jews were burned at the stake.
1348 Jews were blamed for the plague throughout Europe, especially in Germany. In Strausberg 2,000 Jews were burned. In Maintz 6,000 were killed in most gruesome fashion, and in Erfut 3,000; and in Worms 400 Jews burned themselves in their homes.
1370 Jews were blamed for having defiled the "Host" (wafer used in the Mass) in Brabant. The accused were burned alive. Again, all Jews were banned from Flanders and until the year 1820, every 15 years a feast was kept to celebrate the event.
1391 Persecutions in Spain. In Seville and 70 other Jewish communities, the Jews were cruelly massacred and their bodies dismembered.
1394 Second banishment of Jews from France.
1453 The Franciscan monk, Capistrano, persuaded the King of Poland to withdraw all citizens' rights of the Jewish people.
1478 The Spanish inquisition directed against the Jews.
1492 The banishment of Jews from Spain. 300,000 Jews who refused to be "baptized" into the Church of Rome left Spain penniless. Many migrated to the Muslim country, Turkey, where they found tolerance and a welcome.
1497 Banishment of the Jews from Portugal. King Manuel, generally friendly to the Jews, under pressure from Spain instigated forced baptism to keep the Jews. 20,000 Jews desired to leave the country. Many were ultimately declared slaves.
1516 First Ghetto established in Venice.
1540 Banishment of Jews from Naples and 10 years later, from Genoa and Venice.
1794 Restriction of Jews in Russia, Jewish men were forced to serve 25 years in the Russian military. Many hundreds of thousands of Jews left Russia.
1846-78 All former restriction, against the Jews in the Vatican State were re-inforced by Pope Pius IX.
1903 Renewed restrictions of Jews in Russia. Frequent pogroms (massacres); general impoverishment of Russian Jewry.
1933 Commencement of persecution of Jews in Hitler Germany. Inception of the systematic destruction of 6,000,000 Jews throughout Nazi-occupied Europe.

The Satyr

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The saying goes "art imitates life". One of my favorite characters of Saturday Night Live is Jim Breuer's impression of a half-man, half-goat, simply dubbed as "Goatboy" [Shown above]. Breuer, may have sub-consciously stumbled upon this persona on accident, as he claims in a May, 2 2003 article of Variety, "Goatboy actually started out as me pretending to have Tourette's [syndrome]". Whatever the case may be the character struck a chord in my psyche, when the laughter subsided. Then it dawned on me.

Exegesis


What Jim Breuer had brought to life was none other than the mythological Satyr. In this section of NagaFangzahne: The Lost Tribes of Gaia I present the following question: What if many of the so-called mythological creatures described in human legends were actually flesh and blood beings? Furthermore, what if the reason they are resigned to myth is because if our memory served us, the recollection would reveal our hand in their extinction.

It is not to far-fetched of a hypothesis. For millenia, the Jewish peoples were scattered and persecuted all over the face of the Earth. Their enemies used pogroms(1) and holocausts (2)to bring about their destruction. Fortunately, they did not succeed. Allow me to pose a horrible scenario. What if they had succeeded in exterminating all Jews from the face of the Earth? One probability is that at some future date, their memory would be resigned to legend and myth. They would be remembered as "demons" or "evil spirits" that plagued civilization. Their image would be mocked and ridiculed for generations. As it stands today, and in the past many peoples have relegated the Jews to the status of persona non grata (3).

The reason for this exegesis, may be unclear to you the reader, but in my mind, the attrocities inflicted upon the Jews over the past, has happened to other groups. Some human. Some were not. This blog speaks on behalf of a group known collectively as the Satyr.

Who were the Satyrs


Giovanni Angelo Montorsoli and the Drunken Satyr

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Drunken Satyr by Giovanni Angelo Montorsoli,(1507-1563). Montorsoli was one of the assistants of Michelangelo who worked with the master in the Medici Chapel of the San Lorenzo, Florence.


All sources agree that the Satyr is represented as Half-man, half-goat. Bearded, sometimes with horns or goat's ears. The title of this statue seems to says it all.
Take careful note of the grapes and the windpipe flute. Why did Montorsoli, a master sculptor and architect, feel the need to create this piece of work in hommage to the Satyr? What is its meaning? What inspired him to create it?

Perhaps the inspiration came from Montorsoli's teacher himself, Michelangelo? One peculiar sculpture of Michelangelo's that comes to my mind is his sculpture of the biblical hero of the Exodus narrative, Moses [shown below]

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Take note of the horns on the head of Moses. Michelangelo, it seems never left behind a journal or inscription explaining the purpose of the horns. As such, they have elicited various interpretations.

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One source claims that: "The likeliest explanation is that Michelangelo relied on Jerome's vulgate translation of the Old Testament. In this commonly available version, the "rays of light" that were seen around Moses' face after his meeting with God on Mt Sinai were expressed as horns. Some people believe that Jerome's intention was to express a metaphor for the glory of God reflected from Moses's face."

Interesting. But is it probable? I do not think so. The author of this explanation is obviously a stranger to the Scriptures and to history itself. Certainly, Montorsoli learned a thing or two from Michelangelo? When I look at the Drunken Satyr, a particular scripture comes to mind:

Genesis 9:20-21
"Noah, a man of the soil, proceeded to plant a vineyard. When he drank some of its wine, he became drunk and lay uncovered inside his tent."

More Analysis

Could the Drunken Satyr be Montorsoli's depiction of Noah? If this is so, then the grapes in the sculpture would serve to allude to Noah's vineyard. But the grapes and the vineyard are allegories themselves! Are they not? Allow me to unravel this intriguing parable.


First allow me to demonstrate how this parable of vineyards, wine, blood of grapes, etc. is used commonly throughout the Bible as a metaphor for hereditary bloodlines, and the systematic holocaust or devastation of a given hereditary bloodline. All in all, "blood" is the central theme.

Let us begin with the Prophet Isaiah, who ministered for over 40 years during the reigns of four Judean kings: Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah. Isaiah posed the following rhetorical question:

Who is this coming from Edom, from Bozrah, with his garments stained crimson?
Who is this, robed in splendor, striding forward in the greatness of his strength? "It is I, speaking in righteousness, mighty to save."

"Why are your garments red, like those of one treading the winepress?" 63:2

"I have trodden the winepress alone; from the nations no one was with me. I trampled them in my anger and trod them down in my wrath; their blood spattered my garments, and I stained all my clothing."



Genesis 49:11

He will tether his donkey to a vine, his colt (Hebrew translation: ben ha aton) to the choicest branch; he will wash his garments in wine, his robes in the blood of grapes.

Revelation 19:11-21
"11I saw heaven standing open and there before me was a white horse, whose rider is called Faithful and True. With justice he judges and makes war. 12His eyes are like blazing fire, and on his head are many crowns. He has a name written on him that no one knows but he himself. 13He is dressed in a robe dipped in blood, and his name is the Word of God. 14The armies of heaven were following him, riding on white horses and dressed in fine linen, white and clean. 15Out of his mouth comes a sharp sword with which to strike down the nations. "He will rule them with an iron scepter."[a] He treads the winepress of the fury of the wrath of God Almighty. 16On his robe and on his thigh he has this name written:

KING OF KINGS AND LORD OF LORDS.


17And I saw an angel standing in the sun, who cried in a loud voice to all the birds flying in midair, "Come, gather together for the great supper of God, 18so that you may eat the flesh of kings, generals, and mighty men, of horses and their riders, and the flesh of all people, free and slave, small and great."

19Then I saw the beast and the kings of the earth and their armies gathered together to make war against the rider on the horse and his army. 20But the beast was captured, and with him the false prophet who had performed the miraculous signs on his behalf. With these signs he had deluded those who had received the mark of the beast and worshiped his image. The two of them were thrown alive into the fiery lake of burning sulfur. 21The rest of them were killed with the sword that came out of the mouth of the rider on the horse, and all the birds gorged themselves on their flesh."

Ezekiel 39:17-20

17 "Son of man, this is what the Sovereign LORD says: Call out to every kind of bird and all the wild animals: 'Assemble and come together from all around to the sacrifice I am preparing for you, the great sacrifice on the mountains of Israel. There you will eat flesh and drink blood. 18 You will eat the flesh of mighty men and drink the blood of the princes of the earth as if they were rams and lambs, goats and bulls—all of them fattened animals from Bashan. 19 At the sacrifice I am preparing for you, you will eat fat till you are glutted and drink blood till you are drunk. 20 At my table you will eat your fill of horses and riders, mighty men and soldiers of every kind,' declares the Sovereign LORD."







One source states that Satyrs are "Prone to drinking, partying and lusting after women. In Greek mythology, the god of the woods, Pan, is a satyr."

Another source echoes the same and offers a bit more detail stating that the "(Satyroi) Mountain spirits...represented the fertility of the wilderness. They appeared as men with the ears and tail of an ass. The goat-legged satyrs were known as Panes and the elder ones as Sileni."




Might Actually be Orangutan
Described by Pliny- "Among the mountainous districts of the eastern parts of India, in what is called the country of Catharcludi, we find the Satyr, an animal of extraordinary swiftness. They go sometimes on four feet, and sometimes walk erect; they have, also, the features of a human being."
Isidore of Seville- "The Satyrs are manikins with upturned noses; they have horns on their foreheads, and are goat-footed, such as the one St. Anthony saw in the desert. And he, being questioned, is said to have answered the servant of God, saying, "I am mortal, one of the inhabitants of the waste, whom the heathen, misled by error, worship as the Fauns and Satyrs.""


________________
Sigmund Freud wrote several essays about Moses and one essay devoted to his thoughts about this sculpture, The Moses of Michelangelo. Freud first visited in Rome in September, 1901 and saw the statue in the Church of St Peter in Chains. On subsequent visits to Rome, which usually occurred in late summer, he made a point of going to see "his" Moses.

Eventually Freund confided to friends his interest in writing about the compelling statue. Anonymously in 1914 he published a paper in the psycholanalytic journal Imago. Although many people seemed to know to whom the work belonged, he did not acknowledge his authorship of the paper until 1924. The drawing at left is one of several that illustrate the essay, which is filled with meticulous observations about various aspects of the statue.


(1) Pogrom is Russian for "devastation"
(2) Holocaust means "burnt whole, or burnt offering"
(3)Persona non grata

Thursday, May 12, 2005

Ancient "Bird-Men"

The modern day angel, human in appearance yet endowed with wings, is rather popular. It is commonly believed that this image originated with the Judeo-Christian-Muslim theologies. This is inaccurate. Firstly, only one Ju


http://www.anunnaki.org/img/pazuzu-web.jpg


http://www.ancienttreasures.com/images/M-2.jpg "Assyrian eagle headed man with wings"

http://www.florin.ms/Jameson006.jpg "Assyrian man with wings"

http://academic.bowdoin.edu/artmuseum/collections/ancient/big_images/cancient1_big.jpg "Assyrian man with wings" ASSYRIAN, 883-859 B.C.

http://www.ancienttreasures.com/images/M-3.jpg "2 Assyrian man with wings and the tree of life"


http://www.zyworld.com/Assyrian/Tree_of_peace2.JPG "2 Assyrian man with wings and the tree of life"

Saturday, May 07, 2005

The Forgotten Ones

The terms "devils" and "demons" are archaic terms introduced to us primarily from misunderstood biblical esoterica. Today, we use the terms "devils" and "demons" more pejoratively than literally. For example, in the movie The Devils Advocate, the devils and demons are all lawyers! LOL. On a more serious note, in the past tensions between rival groups, i.e. political or racial have cast the stigma of "devil" or "demon" upon their rivals. Could the same have been true for the ancient biblical scribes? Were they "demonizing" a rival faction, nation, etc.? After careful analysis, this is the conclusion that I have derived.

In the NT epistle, 1 John 3:12, we learn that "Cain...belonged to the evil one...". The words "evil one" in this sentence (as well as every time it appears in the NT is in my own opinion an obfuscation of the Greek word Poneros, from ponos, which simply means to labor, to travail, to toil. However, the blatant use of the words "evil one" in association with poneros/ponos or toil/labor is a revelation in disguise. How so? In order to appreciate the effort being made here to obscure the identity of "the evil one" one must already possess certain "keys" of knowledge. For example, in Genesis 2 we learn of the "tree of the knowledge of good and evil". The Hebrew word, Tob, is rendered "good" in English, and the Hebrew word Re, is translated as "evil". The account is unlikely to have been originally couched in Hebrew, but rather in Egyptian (Moses native tongue, pun intended-if you know what I mean).

Moses was a prince of Egypt! All of the "Hebrews" who exodused from Egypt no doubt spoke and understood Egyptian language and were familiar with Egyptian customs and religion!

The biblical tradition has often connected the name Moses with the Hebrew verb mashah which means "to draw out." Actually, the name Moses is the Egyptian word mose (boy or son) written in Hebrew. The word can be seen in the names of several Egyptian Pharaohs (Thutmoses, Ahmose). Many scholars agree that the connection of the Egyptian name with a Hebrew word was a later development in the tradition, added to the story by a narrator unaware of the word's Egyptian origin. Read Luke 11:52.


It would not surprise me if the word "Re", translated as "evil" in association with the Tree of knowledge, is a blatant reference to the Egyptian god Amen-Re. The word "Amen" is an Egyptian epithet meaning, "He who is hidden" or "the hidden one". (Learn more about Amen-Re here)

Getting back to the point, Amen-Re (also rendered Amon/Ammon/Amun--Ra/Re) is later depicted as as a humanoid with horns on his head! The 33rd word in the Torah is the Hebrew word tov (Tob) meaning "good." It refers to the light that was God's first creation: God saw that the light was good (Genesis 1:4). If you have not figured it out by now, MASONS AND OTHER OCCULTISTS REVERE THE NUMBER '33' ABOVE ALL OTHER NUMBERS.

The tree of the knowledge of good/tov and evil/Re is another obfuscation of the name of Amen-Re

"Who changed the truth of God into a lie, and worshipped and served the creature more than the Creator, who is blessed for ever. Amen." Romans 1:25

Could it be possible that the word Amen, spoken by Christians and Jews alike at the end of their prayers, has its roots in Egyptian prayers to Amen-Re? Click here to read 25 biblical references that support this idea. Or perhaps this is a direct reference to the ancient Egyptian/Vedic concept of the Om/Aum?

Note: In my opinion, the most important of them all is not listed on BibleGateway.com. It can be found in the book of "Revelation" (which means to make known--as if to say, Amen the "hidden one" is finally revealing himself!). Read for yourselves:

NIV Version:
To the angel of the church in Laodicea write: These are the words of the Amen, the faithful and true witness, the ruler of God's creation.

KJ Version:

And unto the angel of the church of the Laodiceans write; These things saith the Amen, the faithful and true witness, the beginning of the creation of God;

Click here and select any version of the Bible you want, it will say the same thing...that the Revelation are the words of "the Amen".

Egypt's first god was called Ptah, his firstborn son was Re (known as Marduk to the Babylonians and Zeus to the Greeks, Jupiter to the Romans!). He was considered the "beginning of the creation of God"...to the Egyptians! I cannot fail to mention that, no where is Jupiter ever referred to as the "beginning of the creation of God", but the same IS said of another planet in the Babylonian Enuma Elish--Marduk. Another red planet, which the Sumerians referred to as Nibiru. Learn more about Nibiru here. Image One, Image Two, Image Three, Image four, Image five, Image six,

Image Seven: Matthew 24:29, Isaiah 34:4

Image Eight, The idea of worlds colliding has sparked our imaginations. What happens when worlds collide? Science fiction has its own convictions. Here, Here, and Here.

I will discuss this in greater detail in another blog, for now, the reason for this digression is to emphasize the significance of the "humanoids with horns" protruding from their skulls...

The Egyptian god, Amen-Re was often depicted as having horns!


See for yourselves:

Image One: Here is Amen depicted in an Egyptian statue.

Image Two: Here is Amen/Ammun depicted on a Greek coin. The Greeks inherited their knowledge from the Egyptians! They, unlike the Hebrews, openly acknowledged this. Amen became famous amongst the Greeks because Alexander the Great claimed to be his son! Read more about this here. The Greeks from Cyrenaica "called the god Zeus Ammon", equating Zeus with the Egyptian Re!

Image Three


If Moses were Egyptian, who was the god that he followed? The conventional response is Yahweh/YHVH. But all scholars agree unanimously that the "name" Yahweh is not a proper name at all! There are variations, but it is commonly believed to translate "I AM WHO I AM". If I asked you, "who are you?" and you replied "I AM WHO I AM" would I be any the wiser as to who you were? The context within which this name is given sheds light on the cause for all of the obfuscation of this entities identity. He was "Amen", the "hidden" one. Read the dialogue between YHVH and Moses here.

Who was Moses' god? In one event recorded in the bible the people begin to rebel against Moses and his god. As a result venomous/ or 'fiery' serpents are unleashed, afflicting many so that they died. Moses intercedes on behalf of the people, and here is the result--Moses is commanded to build a "venomous snake/ fiery serpent" of his own and put it on a "pole". (Read more here).

Here are some examples of religious art depicting this event.

Image One: Several images.

Image Two: Here we see how this event impressed the Flemish artist Frans Floris (1517-70).

Image Three: This image is more dramatic in its depiction of a serpent on a pole.

Image four: This image comes from the Bible of Lubeck, 1494. (Learn more about Lubeck here). If you look closely, you will see that the central figure (Moses) has horns on his head!

More on the serpent.

This image has evolved over time; revealing more of its original esoteric gnosis. The serpent on the pole is commonly known as the Caduceus. However, this wand of Asclepius, often confused with the Caduceus wand of Hermes (and for good reasons to be sure), is the true symbol of the medical profession. It dates to antiquity, and was a symbol of the Greek God of healing, Asclepius. (More on Asclepius in a later blog)


Image one: Could this have been more representative of Moses "bronze serpent on a pole"?

Image Two: Another modern artistic impression of the "Caduceus", recognized as a universal medical symbol, in this bronze representation by James N. Muir has become and Angel of Healing bringing love and peace upon the earth and all of its inhabitants."

Image Three: In her book, The Yahweh Encounters: Bible Astronauts, Ark Radiations, and Temple Electronics, author Anne Madden Jones analyzes descriptions of the Seraphim and Cherubim given in the bible, and interprets them as flying machines which became symbolized as a "creature named for its copper color" and a "poisonous serpent" (I will write a blog on this later); no doubt for their ability to inflict "a sickening sting which was slow in its lethality and could be cured if treated in time.." She then poses the following penetrating question:

"What kind of bite would the fiery serpents have unleashed, the effects of which could be ameliorated by standing in front of and looking at a copper device on a pole?"

She gives her theory: "A procedure called radiation therapy used today for the treatment of cancer, requires the patient essentially only to look at, or stand in front of an x-ray machine, many times of course, or in front of a cobalt radiation device." p. 167

She then reasons: "Could Moses have built a complex radiation treatment device in the wilderness? No, but he could have built the housing for one, and the machine or mechanism itself could have been supplied by Yahweh. The implication in the naming of the device, was that both the bite and the cure were similar, were related in some way. As in a radiation exposure the bite (over exposure to radiation) and the cure (radiation therapy) are similar. Ionizing radiations and microwave radiations are known to cause various kinds of cancer and malignant tumors. The treatment of disease (principally cancer) by ionizing radiation is called radiation therapy. X-rays, alpha, beta, and gamma rays, all produce ionizing radiations. Whether these radiations are produced in modern equipment or are emitted by natural radioactive elements such as uranium, radium, or plutonium, their energy form is the same and their destructive effects on living tissue are the same." p. 167

We are getting to the gist of the matter. Alien visitation. The following website has some interesting information regarding the Caduceus and its technological implications.

Image Four: This image depicts one of the many layered meanings the Rosicrucians attatch to the Caduceus. The Rosicrucians are a branch of the Masons. At the core of their belief is the serpent!

Now, let us juxtapose in our minds the image of the serpent on a pole with that of another savior on a cross--Jesus. In the same Bible, in the Old Testament you have Moses hanging a serpent on the cross, and in the New Testament Jesus (pronounced that in Spanish Hay-Zeus!)is hung on a stuaros (Greek for stake, or pole!); he is not hung on a crucifix (or cross) as the translation seeks to describe him on. (More on this in another blog).

Images of Jesus on a pole: Image One, Image Two, Image Three, Image Four

More Crucified Serpents
From the same artist who brought us the fantastic creature designs for the sci-fi movies Alien (w Sigourney Weaver) and Species, H.R. Giger, we have this dark image of a crucified serpent with the head of a man wearing a crown of thorns. H.R. Giger is an occultist, and more than likely adept in his knowledge of the esoteric teachings of the ancients. Click here to view.

Another image. Read more about Nicholas Flamel and "His exposition of the Hieroglyphical Figures which he caused to be painted upon an Arch in St. Innocents Church-yard, in Paris. London, 1624." Here

On March 19, 2000, Pope John Paul II visited Mount Nebo during his pilgrimage to the Holy Land (Mount Nebo being one of the most important Christian sites in Jordan). During his visit he planted an olive tree beside the Byzantine chapel as a symbol of peace. Click here and here to view images of Pope John Paul II's visitation to a modern day "serpent on a pole" aka "wand of Asclepius" located on Mt Nebo (Nebo/Nebu, after whom Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, was named, is none other than Amen-Re's firstborn son!)

When I look at the image of Pope John Paul the II kneeling and praying in the church on Mount Nebo, I can almost here Psalms 89:52

Praise be to the LORD forever!
Amen and Amen.

**The serpentine structure on Mt Nebo was allegedly raised by the Roman Catholic Church itself, but I have not discovered any independent evidence to corroborate this as of yet.

Over all, we have suggested that the serpent is a reference to "gods" of Egypt. That the god of Moses was none other that Amen-Re, who later was worshipped by the Greeks, and the Romans, as Amen. Amen was depicted as having horns protruding from his head! We have even seen images of Moses having horns coming from his head.


Michaelangelo Buonarotti's Moses at the tomb of Julius II. Circa 1513. Note the horns on Moses' head. One commentator explains the horns on Moses' head as symbolic of betrayal. In interesting argument. But, this does not explain why archaeologist have found skulls with actual horns protruding from otherwise human skulls. Please read his article and form your own opinion.

When an artist depicts a man with horns on his head he/she may be associating that person/s with the mythological creature known as the Satyr. Satyrs appear in myth and also play intergral roles in the bible. Of the most significance is their proximity to Moses in the accounts of the scriptures.

According to Easton's Bible Dictionary, a Satyr is a:

hairy one. Mentioned in Greek mythology as a creature composed of a man and a goat, supposed to inhabit wild and desolate regions. The Hebrew word is rendered also "goat" (Leviticus 4:24) and "devil", i.e., an idol in the form of a goat (17:7; 2Chr. 11:15). When it is said (Isaiah 13:21; comp 34:14) "the satyrs shall dance there," the meaning is that the place referred to shall become a desolate waste. Some render the Hebrew word "baboon," a species of which is found in Babylonia.

Note: On my blogs on the Cynocephalia, we learned that they too were often mistaken as references to "baboons". Is it the most 'logical' conclusion, that these ancient texts were refering to baboons when they spoke of Cynocephalia or Satyrs? No, this is simply more obfuscation.

Nave's Topical Bible Dictionary has this to say of Satyrs:

A mythological creature, represented as half-man and half-goat
Leviticus 17:7

RSV, margin)
2 Chronicles 11:15


Finally, Smith's Bible dictionary gives the following details:

(sa’tyr or sat’yr ), a sylvan deity or demigod of Greek mythology, represented as a monster, part man and part goat. (Isaiah 13:21; 34:14) The Hebrew word signifies "hairy" or "rough," and is frequently applied to "he-goats." In the passages cited it probably refers to demons of woods and desert places. Comp. (Leviticus 17:7; 2 Chronicles 11:15)

The Satyrs, like the Cynocephali, were no doubt persecuted and 'demonized' for their appearance and stature. What is of import for now is that these beings, were flesh and blood, and were considered to be "demigods" by the peoples, and nations! There is biblical confirmation to this idea:

Leviticus 4:24, mentions how the Satyrs were to be executed--decapitation. This is the same fate that John the Baptist faced. John the Baptist was the cousin of Jesus. Later, the royal bloodlines of Europe would be sent to the guillotine to suffer the same prescription of execution. Is there a correlation? (A topic for another blog)

Psalm 106:35-39:

35 but they mingled with the nations
and adopted their customs.

36 They worshiped their idols,
which became a snare to them.

37 They sacrificed their sons
and their daughters to demons.

38 They shed innocent blood,
the blood of their sons and daughters,
whom they sacrificed to the idols of Canaan,
and the land was desecrated by their blood.

39 They defiled themselves by what they did;
by their deeds they prostituted themselves.

*The word translated as "idol" here is the Hebrew word Asab, it means to carve, shape, an image. Related words are Asab (spelled same, Hebrew Has no vowels) meaning, to worry, grieve, or afflict, cause pain.

Eseb: to grieve, toil, work, trouble.
Oseb: pain, labor, affliction, sorrow. Used only four times.

And the last related word is Assab, and it appears only once in the entire OT, in Isaiah 58:3, where it means worker.

The idea that there may have existed beings of the image and likeness of Satyrs and goats is just as perplexing today, as it was to many medieval scholars. Likewise, the notion of alien visitation, and past colonization of our planet by various species of life unlike our own is just as hard to swallow. Yet, slowly we are learning. We now know that the Austropilithicus once roamed the earth. We now know that large reptiles (dragons) once roamed the earth. So why is it so difficult to comprehend that Satyr's and Cynocephali once roamed the earth. One possibility that we must face is summed up by Katherine Anne Porter when she states that "one of the most disturbing habits of the human mind is its willful and destructive forgetting of whatever in its past does not flatter or confirm its present point of view..." Could the reason that we have forgotten these beings is because they walked the earth side by side with humanity for thousands of years? Could it be that we have forgotten these beings because we systematically slaughtered them for centuries to near extinction? Again I ask, Could it be that the reason for our willful and destructive forgetting of these lost races is due to our own hand in the designs of genocide committed against these sentient races? Perhaps, or as the religious scholars and scribes would have us believe, "they were merely idols", "figments of the imagination", "they were not real"....

Had the Nazis been successful in annihilating the Jews from the face of the earth would we today be led to believe that those who still held on to the tenets of a religion called Judaism were worshipping pagan idols when they spoke of the law of Moses? Most certainly this would be the case, and we would be reading psalms and prayers that end in the phrase "Hail Hitler" rather than "Amens". This radical example, is aimed at your imagination...we know that this might have been the case had the Nazis won WWII. Anything of any notable intellectual value remotely Jewish in origin would have been whitewashed over to appear as if it were authored by Aryan minds. This is what Porter means when she speaks of the "willful and destructive forgetting of whatever in its past does not flatter or confirm its present point of view". Do not be so quick to mock and scoff at these ideas because you simply have never heard of them. (This is often the case that I am faced with). Peter rebuke to scoffers who disbelieved the return of Jesus can be applied just as easily here:

"First of all, you must understand that in the last days scoffers will come, scoffing and following their own evil desires...They will say, "Where are these Satyrs, these Cynocephali, these "reptile alien gods" (LOL-inside joke between myself and a few of my co-workers)", they will say [in their minds/their rationale will be] "Ever since our fathers died everything goes on as it has since the beginning of creation. But they deliberately forget that long ago...." [2 Peter 3:3-7]

That long ago....

they [the Israelites, Canaanites, etc] offered "their sacrifices to the goat idols [Satyr in Hebrew] to whom they prostitute themselves.." [Leviticus 17:7]

...and that they dwelt and repopulated mostly in the abandoned cities [slums] of conquered lands...

But desert creatures will lie there,
jackals will fill her houses;
there the owls will dwell,
and there the wild goats will leap about. [Isaiah 13:21]

______

Desert creatures will meet with hyenas,
and wild goats will bleat to each other;
there the night creatures will also repose
and find for themselves places of rest. [Isaiah 34:14]

And that they also intermarried with human women...and produced offspring...

1 When men began to increase in number on the earth and daughters were born to them, 2 the sons of God [The Bena ha Elohim are "demi-gods", depicted as hybrids throughout mythic and religious texts worldwide!] saw that the daughters of men were beautiful, and they married any of them they chose. 3 Then the LORD said, "My Spirit will not contend with [a] man forever, for he is mortal [b] ; his days will be a hundred and twenty years."
4 The Nephilim were on the earth in those days—and also afterward—when the sons of God went to the daughters of men and had children by them. They were the heroes of old, men of renown [The various species of demi-gods/ represented as hybrids in mythological and religious iconography all over the world!]. [Genesis 6:1-4]

And last of all, Moses was descended from them!

In a peculiar sentence in the Bible we learn the following about Moses:

(Now Moses was a very humble man, more humble than anyone else on the face of the earth.) [Numbers 12:3]


On the surface, this seems quite kosher, but beneath the veil, we discover that the word used here for man is 408/132 is Iys, meaning man, or husband. In fact, this is the same word used in Genesis to refer to the Cain, whom the NT established was "of the evil one"--"the serpent" "Amen-Re"! [Genesis 4:1]

[To be continued]

___________________________
__________________________________________________

Satyr: image one image two
Jordaens, Jacob, Satyr and Peasant, c. 1620-21,Oil on canvas
174 x 205 cm, Alte Pinakothek, Munich

image three Here you see a satyr secretly meeting with a human woman, no doubt she is the wife of the man on the right who is desparately seeking her. The satyr was heavily associated with sexual promiscuity. Perhaps, if your race was being hunted to extinction you too would seduce your adversaries’ wife in order to ensure the propagation of your blood line, your species even. Just a thought. Here is some info about the artist:
Altdorfer, Albrecht (b. c.1480, Regensburg, d. 1538, Regensburg). German painter, engraver, architect and graphic artist working in Regensburg, of which town he was a citizen from 1505 onwards, the leading artist of the so-called Danube School of German painting. His most outstanding works are biblical and historical subjects set against highly imaginative and atmospheric landscape backgrounds.
Image four: MONTORSOLI, Giovanni Angelo Italian sculptor, Florentine school (1507-1563). Yes those are grapes, which if you have read any of my blogs, you already know indicate a particular bloodline, also often referred to as The Vine. The flute in his hand also bears significance. See Genesis 4:21
Image five: In this image Satan, is depicted as a Satyr, however, if you look closely, you will see his left foot protruding from beneath his robe, it is actually not a foot at all but a fish’s fin! This is a cryptic way of depicting the transition between the age of Aries (the Ram/goat) and Pisces (the fish); the Satyr holds in his hand a stone/ or rock. No doubt a cryptic reference to “the stone the builders rejected.” This phrase is often misunderstood to be a reference to Jesus, but in actuality it is a reference to a persecuted royal bloodline. Jesus later makes the cryptic comment, “if a child asks for bread, will the father give him a stone or a serpent?” This is essentially then the same question as “If the Hebrews ask for a king will you give them a false messiah?”

How to Contact an alien and avoid long distance charges

From: Stephen Wolfram, A New Kind of Science
Notes for Chapter 12: The Principle of Computational Equivalence
Section: Intelligence in the Universe
Page 1189

Messages to send. The idea of trying to send messages to extraterrestrials has existed since at least the early 1800s. The proposed content and medium of the messages has however steadily changed, usually reflecting what seemed to be the most significant human achievements of the time - yet often seeming quaint within just a few decades.

Starting in the 1820s various scientists (notably Carl Friedrich Gauss) suggested signalling the Moon by using such schemes as cutting clearings in a forest to illustrate the Pythagorean theorem or reflecting sunlight from mirrors in different countries placed so as to mimic an observed constellation of stars. In the 1860s, with the rise of telegraphy, schemes for sending flashes of light to Mars were discussed, and the idea developed that mathematics should somehow be the basic language used. In the 1890s radio signals were considered, and were tried by Nikola Tesla in 1899. Discussion in the 1920s led to the idea of sending radio pulses that could be assembled into a bitmap image, and some messages intended for extraterrestrials were probably sent by radio enthusiasts.

There is a long history of attempts to formulate universal languages (see page 1188). The Lincos language of Hans Freudenthal from 1960 was specifically designed for extraterrestrial communication. It was based on predicate logic, and attempted to use this to build up first mathematics, then science, then a general presentation of human affairs.

When the Pioneer 10 spacecraft was launched in 1972 it carried a physical plaque designed by Carl Sagan and others. The plaque is surprisingly full of implicit assumptions based on details of human intellectual development. For example, it has line drawings of humans - whose interpretation inevitably seems very specific to our visual system and artistic culture. It also has a polar plot of the positions of 14 pulsars relative to the Sun, with the pulsars specified by giving their periods as base 2 integers - but with trailing zeros inserted to cover inadequate precision. Perhaps the most peculiar element, however, is a diagram indicating the 21 cm transition in hydrogen - by showing two abstract quantum mechanical spin configurations represented in a way that seems completely specific to the particular details of human mathematics and physics. In 1977 the Voyager spacecraft carried phonograph records that included bitmap images and samples of spoken languages and music.

In 1974 the bitmap image below was sent as a radio signal from the Arecibo radio telescope. At the left-hand end is a version of the pattern of digits from page 117 - but distorted so it has no obvious nested structure. There follow atomic numbers for various elements, and bitvectors for components of DNA. Next are idealized pictures of a DNA molecule, a human, and the telescope. All these parts seem to depend almost completely on detailed common conventions - and I suspect that without all sorts of human context their meaning would be essentially impossible to recognize.

In all, remarkably few messages have been sent - perhaps in part because of concerns that they might reveal us to extraterrestrial predators (see page 1198). There has also been a strong tendency to make messages hard even for humans to understand - perhaps on the belief that they must then be more scientific and more universal.

The main text argues that it will be essentially impossible to give definitive evidence of intelligence. Schemes that might however get at least some distance include sending:

waveforms made of simple underlying elements;

long complicated sequences that repeat precisely;

a diversity of kinds of sequences;

something complicated that satisfies simple constraints.

Examples of the latter include pattern-avoiding sequences (see page 946), magic squares and other combinatorial designs, specifications of large finite groups, and maximal length linear feedback shift register sequences (see page 1089). Notably, the last of these are already being transmitted by GPS satellites and CDMA communications systems. (If cases could be found where the sequences as a whole were forced not to have any obvious regularities, then pattern-avoiding sequences might perhaps be good since they have constraints that are locally fairly easy to recognize.)

Extrapolation of trends in human technology suggest that it will become ever easier to detect weak signals that might be assumed distorted beyond recognition or swamped by noise.

What can Mitochondrial DNA reveal about the Americas first inhbitants?

Source: Unknown

Genetic variations among Native Americans provide further clues to who first populated the Americas and when they arrived.

Anthropologists have long speculated on the origins of the native populations in the Americas. One of the more recent theories holds that three distinct waves of immigrants--corresponding to three proposed linguistic groups among Native Americans (Amerind, Na-Dene and Eskaleut)--crossed the Bering strait from Asia no earlier than 13,000 years ago. Molecular anthropologist Theodore Schurr’s research on genetic variation in the mitochondrial DNA of native populations in Asia and the Americas casts some doubt on this view. His research suggests that the first Americans may have come to the New World more than 30,000 years ago. Although there is concordance between the linguistic and genetic affinities of Na-Dene Indians and Eskimo-Aleuts, this type of linkage is less robust for the so-called Amerinds. According to Schurr the genetic evidence is, instead, more consistent with a complex migration pattern involving at least two ancient expansions of ancestral populations who may have come from widely separated parts of the Asian continent, as well as the re-expansion of Beringian populations into the New World following the last period of glaciation.

Figure 4. Distribution of haplogroup frequencies (pie charts) among Amerindian populations does not correspond in any simple way to language-group affiliations, suggesting that a tripartite model of migration to the New World (based on three hypothesized language groups) may be too simple. However, virtually all of the northern Na-Dene mtDNAs belong to haplogroup A, whereas those of the southern Na-Dene also include some from haplogroups B, C and D, indicating that the southern populations have mixed with the neighboring Amerindian populations since their arrival in the American Southwest some 500-to-1, 000 years ago. Certain other trends are also evident: Haplogroup A declines in frequency from north to south, whereas haplogroups C and D increase in frequency. By contrast, there is no obvious clinal distribution for haplogroup B (aside from its absence in northern North America). Whether these distributions reflect the original pattern of settlement in the Americas or subsequent genetic differentiation is not entirely clear.

Exploring the Evolution of Reptiles into Mammals

Evolution: From Reptiles to Mammals
By D. Jon Scott

The most obvious distinctions between mammals and reptiles are the fact that mammals have hair or fur, and mammary glands which they use to nourish their young. These features do not fossilize, and no known mammals have left hair or fur impressions in the rock surrounding their fossils. Fortunately, however, there are also a number of skeletal differences between reptiles and mammals. For one, reptiles have a mouth filled with several teeth which are more or less uniform in size and shape; they vary slightly in size, but they all have the same basic cone-shaped form. By contrast, mammals tend to have teeth which vary greatly in size and shape; everything from flat, multi-cusped molar teeth to the sharp cone-shaped canines. In reptiles, the lower jaw is comprised of several different bones, which hinge on the quadrate bone of the skull and the angular bone of the jaw. In mammals, however, the lower jaw is comprised of only one bone - the dentary, which hinges at the quadrate of the skull. In mammals, there are three bones in the middle ear, the malleus, incus and stapes (also known as the hammer, anvil and stirrup). In reptiles, there is only one bone - the stapes. The reptilian skull is attached to the spine by a single point of contact, the occipital condyle. In mammals, the occipital condyle is "double-faced". The classic reptilian skull also has a small hole, or "third eye" through which the pineal body extends - a trait not found in any known mammal.
This brings us to the synapsid reptiles. Like mammals, they have a single, lower temporal fenestra. Already this makes them more akin to mammals than other reptiles, albeit with a very reptilian body; legs sprawled out, long whip-like tail, basically conical-uniformed teeth, etc.. One group of synapsid reptiles in particular, the therapsids, seem to break these rules and are adorned with very mammalian characteristics; in the more advanced forms, many of the bones absent in mammals were already being reduced to near extinction, and the "third eye" so small it might as well have been absent. [Romer, 1967, p. 226]


Dimetrodon
(Synapsid "Reptile")
Late Permian
Tetraceratops
(Synapsid "Reptile" - Therapsid)
Early Triassic

Likewise, in many of these forms, there was a sharp contrast between the different types of teeth; incisors, broadly crowned cheek teeth, teeth with accessory cusps; the occipital condyle also became "double-faced" in many of these reptiles. [Colbert and Morales, 1991, p. 118]
Colbert and Morales (1991, p. 127) describe the transitional nature of the tritylodonts in particular:

"In many respect[s], the tritylodont skull was very mammalian in its features. Certainly, because of the advanced nature of the zygomatic arches, the secondary palate and the specialized teeth, these animals had feeding habits that were close to those of some mammals . . . . Yet, in spite of these advances, the tritylodonts still retained the reptilian joint between the quadrate bone of the skull and the articular bone of the lower jaw. It is true that these bones were very much reduced, so that the squamosal bone of the skull and the dentary bone of the lower jaw (the two bones involved in the mammalian jaw articulation) were on the point of touching each other."

Creationists, however, are quick to try and discredit the fossil evidence for mammalian evolution from reptiles. Gish (1978, p. 80) claims that:

"The two most distinguishable osteological differences between reptiles and mammals, however, have never been bridged by a transitional series. All mammals, living or fossil, have a single bone, the dentary, on each side of the lower jaw, and all mammals, living or fossil, have three auditory ossicles or ear bones, the malleus, incus and stapes. In some fossil reptiles the number and size of the lower jaw bones are reduced compared to living reptiles. Every reptile, living or fossil, however, has at least four bones in the lower jaw and only one auditory ossicle, the stapes. . . There are no transitional fossil forms showing, for instance, three or two jawbones, or two ear bones. No one has explained yet, for that matter, how the transitional form would have managed to chew while his jaw was being unhinged and rearticulated, or how he would hear while dragging two of his jaw bones up into his ear."

This transitional series is not as mythical as Gish is trying to purport. Indeed, the transition can clearly be seen in triassic therapsids - though obviously occurring differently than Gish describes! Flank (1995) writes:

"The reptiles, as we have noted, have one bone in the middle ear and several bones in the lower jaw, and mammals have three bones in the middle ear and only one bone in the lower jaw. On the other hand, the jaw joints in the reptile are formed from different bones than they are in the mammalian skull. Thus, it is apparent that, during the evolutionary transition from reptile to mammal, the jaw joints must have shifted from one bone to another, freeing up the rest of these bones to form the auditory ossicles in the mammalian middle ear. (In fact, in most modern reptiles, the jawbones in question actually function in transmitting sound waves to the inner ear, so the transformation postulated above is not a functional change, merely an improvement in a f[u]nction that these bones already had). As Arthur N. Strahler puts it, "A transitional form must have had two joints in operation simultaneously (as in the modern rattlesnake), and this phase was followed by a fusion of the lower joint." (Strahler 1987, p. 414) ... Not only is this explanation not 'merely wishful conjecture', but it can be clearly seen in a remarkable series of fossils from the Triassic therapsids. The earliest therapsids show the typical reptilian type of jaw joint, with the articular bone in the jaw firmly attached to the quadrate bone in the skull. In later fossils from the same group, however, the quadrate-articular bones have become smaller, and the dentary and squamosal bones have become larger and moved closer together. This trend reaches its apex in a group of therapsids known as cynodonts, of which the genus Probainognathus is a representative. Probainognathus possessed characteristics of both reptile and mammal, and this transitional aspect was shown most clearly by the fact that it had TWO jaw joints--one reptilian, one mammalian."
-Emphasis added

"Probainognathus, a small cynodont reptile from the Triassic sediments of Argentina, shows characters in the skull and jaws far advanced toward the mammalian condition. Thus it had teeth differentiated into incisors, a canine and postcanines, a double occipital condyle and a well-developed secondary palate, all features typical of the mammals, but most significantly the articulation between the skull and the lower jaw was on the very threshhold between the reptilian and mammalian condition. The two bones forming the articulation between skull and mandible in the reptiles, the quadrate and articular respectively, were still present but were very small, and loosely joined to the bones that constituted the mammalian joint . . . Therefore in Probainognathus there was a double articulation between skull and jaw, and of particular interest, the quadrate bone, so small and so loosely joined to the squamosal, was intimately articulated with the stapes bone of the middle ear. It quite obviously was well on its way towards being the incus bone of the three-bone complex that characterizes the mammalian middle ear." [Colbert and Morales, 1991, pp. 228-229]


Next in the reptile-to-mammal transitional sequence are the cynodonts. Pictured here is Cynognathus, a classic example of the cynodont reptiles. Of course, when faced with a specimen such as this, one is forced to wonder if it can truly be called a "reptile". The skull appears basically mammalian, the hip structure seems basically mammalian as well, but with very distinct similarities to reptiles as well. Also notice that the grastral ribs and vertebrae seem to be forming a primitive breast-bone (sternum) - and strikingly resembles the gastral ribs/vertebrae of the earliest mammals from several orders. The gastral "floating" ribs have been reduced to almost nothing, and they are completely absent in mammals, yet very large in reptiles. This animal isn't quite a mammal, but it isn't quite a reptile either. This animal truly appears to be ½ reptile and ½ mammal. It is a perfectly intermediate form.



(1) Diapsid, Archosaur - True Reptile
Euparkeria
Late Permain
(2) Synapsid, Therapsid - "Reptile"?
Cynognathus
Early Triassic
(3) Synapsid, Therapsid - True Mammal
Canis (specifically a Grey Wolf)
Mid Territary/Late Quaternary

Shortly after the time of the Cynodonts, we find a gap in the mid-late triassic (239-208 million years ago). Until recently, there were no known therapsid fossils occupying this area of geological time. However, Adelobasileus cromptoni, a fairly "new" species, has been discovered; its age is 225, putting it squarely in the middle of the triassic gap. Though only a skull was found, "[s]ome cranial features of Adelobasileus, such as the incipient promontorium housing the cochlea, represent an intermediate stage of the character transformation from non-mammalian cynodonts to [Tr]iassic mammals".
[Lucas and Luo, 1993, pp 309-334]

The proto-mammal Adelobasileus is thought to be either (1) the common ancestor of all mammals, or (2) a very close relative of that common ancestor [Hunt, 1997].
The next proto-mammal (Sinoconodon) appears 208 million years ago. Its cheek-teeth are now permanent, as in modern mammals, however the other teeth are still replaced several times (as in reptiles). The mammalian-joint of the jaw is "stronger, with large dentary condyle fitting into a distinct fossa on the squamosal...[t]his final refinement of the joint automatically makes this animal a true 'mammal'...[r]eptilian jaw joint still present, though tiny." [Hunt, 1997] The rear of the braincase has also expanded and the eye socket is fully mammalian.
Hunt (1997) describes a group of proto-mammals appear roughly 3 million years after Sinoconodon:

"Eozostrodon, Morganucodon, Haldanodon (early Jurassic, ~205 Ma) -- A group of early proto-mammals called "morganucodonts". The restructuring of the secondary palate and the floor of the braincase had continued, and was now very mammalian. Truly mammalian teeth: the cheek teeth were finally differentiated into simple premolars and more complex molars, and teeth were replaced only once. Triangular- cusped molars. Reversal of the previous trend toward reduced incisors, with lower incisors increasing to four. Tiny remnant of the reptilian jaw joint. Once thought to be ancestral to monotremes only, but now thought to be ancestral to all three groups of modern mammals -- monotremes, marsupials, and placentals."

The mammals continued to evolve and several other links are known from the mesozoic era, and "by the late-Cretaceous the three groups of modern mammals were in place: monotremes, marsupials, and placentals." [Hunt 1997]

References

Alfred S. Romer, The Vertebrate Story, University of Chicago Press, Chicago IL, 1967 in The Therapsid-Mammal Transitional Series [Online] L. Flank (1995). Available: http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Hangar/2437/therapsd.htm
[2000, July 10]

Duane Gish, Evolution? The Fossils Say No! Creation-Life Publishers, San Diego CA, 1972, re-printed 1978 in The Therapsid-Mammal Transitional Series [Online] L. Flank (1995). Available: http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Hangar/2437/therapsd.htm
[2000, July 10]

Edwin Colbert and Michael Morales, Evolution of the Vertebrates; A History of Backboned Animals Through Time, Wiley-Liss, New York NY, 1991 in The Therapsid-Mammal Transitional Series [Online] L. Flank (1995). Available: http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Hangar/2437/therapsd.htm
[2000, July 10]

S.G. Lucas and Z. Lou, Adelobasileus from the upper Triassic of west Texas: the oldest mammal, J. Vert. Paleont, 1993 in Transitional Vertebrate Fossils FAQ [Online] K. Hunt (1997) Available:
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-transitional.html
[2000, July 11]

The Therapsid-Mammal Transitional Series [Online] L. Flank (1995). Available: www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Hangar/2437/therapsd.htm
[2000, July 10]

Transitional Vertebrate Fossils FAQ [Online] K. Hunt (1997) Available:
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-transitional.html
[2000, July 11]